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Historians answer your questions about the past.
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Hawaiian Statehood
Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1898. Why did it take more than 60 years for it become a state?

The Gaming Evolution
From text-based to modern multiplayer interaction—even video games have history.

Families on the Farm
What was life like for women and girls on late 19th- and early 20th-century farms?

On a Mission: Junípero Serra in New Spain
Discover how missionary work impacted Native Americans.

Defining Dred Scott
Who was Dred Scott, and what was the significance of his case?

The Origins of the Service Flag
Discover what the symbols on these flags stand for.

Decisive Battles in the War of Independence
What were the most important battles of the American Revolution?

Whites of Their Eyes
Who said, “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes?”

Introducing Taxation
Taxes are a part of our everyday life. But was this always true in the United States?

You Must Be This Old to Govern
25, 30, 35. We all know these ages are part of the requirements for elected representatives, but where did they come from?

A Trail of 4,000 Tears
Discover the ramifications of the Indian Removal Act of 1830.

Bleeding Kansas
What were the origins of this infamous controversy?

The Many Faces of Immigration
American is built upon immigration. However, attitudes about immigration varied greatly from the late 19th to the early 20th century.

The "Cradle" of America?
Historians often consider Puritan New England a model for the development of America as a whole. Is this correct or an example of regional bias?

Little Wolf and President Grant
Why did Little Wolf, a Cheyenne leader, go to Washington in 1873?

Slavery in Colonial British North America
Slavery in colonial America was not an exclusively Southern institution.

Instigating a Ban on "Spirituous Liquors"
Discover the motivations fueling the 19th-century temperance movement.

Success and Failure in the New World
Why did some colonies in the New World succeed while others faded away?

Manifest Destiny: Creating an American Identity
Discover how the concept of a “Manifest Destiny” shaped American perceptions prior to and throughout the 19th century.

The Standardization of American English
Why is colonial written English so different from the version we use today?

Texas and Mexico: Centers for Cultural Collision
In 1821, Anglo settlers migrated to Texas en masse. Discover the profound impact this movement had on the relationship between whites and hispanic Tejanos.

The New World: A Stage for Cultural Interaction
Religion and profit were driving motivations behind European colonization. Discover how Spanish, French, and Dutch explorers differed in their attempts to …

The Proclamation of 1763
Discover the history behind this important Proclamation by King George III.

The Fighting Canadiens
Discover how French Canadians reacted to the American Revolution.

What If...?: Reexamining the American Revolution
How different would “the United States of America” be if the British had won the Revolutionary War?

Cause and Effect: The Outbreak of World War II
What factors contributed to the initiation of World War II? Find out here!

The American Civil War: Total or Just?
Warfare always results in casualties, however, there are ways to reduce loss of life by adhering to established standards.

"Mapping" Primary and Secondary Sources
Is this map a primary source? Or is it secondary? How can you tell?!

Gettysburg: Turning Point or a Small Stepping-Stone to Victory?
History is often muddled by modern hindsight. Discover the true meaning of the Battle of Gettysburg.

Civil War Convicts: Unraveling a Misconception
Did criminals fight during the Civil War? Not exactly, but some soldiers became convicts as a result of their service.

Silverites, Populists, and the Movement for Free Silver
Why were the people living in rural areas more likely to support “free silver” in 1896 than urban dwellers?

Andrew Johnson and Impeachment
Determining the path of the Republican party.

The Memphis Belle
The last operational mission of a venerable World War II airplane.

Tippecanoe and Walking Canes Too
A family’s oral history intersects with larger events in U.S. history.

America's Shifting Western Frontier
Go Where, Young Man?

Slavery in Wyoming
Slavery outside of the South is often overlooked, as is Wyoming history.

Industrializing Women
Did industrialization result in more women working outside the home or in more women in domestic spheres only?

U.S. Naval Power, 1775-1815
Believe it or not, the U.S. wasn’t always particularly supportive of increasing naval strength.

John Adams: Great or Not?
What does historical “greatness” mean, anyway?

American Resistance to a Standing Army
Americans of the 18th century took a much dimmer view of the institution of a professional army than current views of the U.S. military.

In Pursuit of Freedom
Frederick Douglass approached the abolition of slavery from within the confines of the Constitution.

Black-Robed Regiment
Not technically a military force, the “Regiment” proved integral to the success of the American Revolution.

Black Confederates
Most African Americans (free or slaves) never joined the ranks of the Confederacy. Are there cases where individuals did?

Divided Allegiance
Being born in the United States was not always a guaranteed path to citizenship.

On Gendering the Constitution
The agitation among women’s rights activists over the language of the 14th Amendment.

On Telegrams and Telephone Calls
On the record and off the record communications between Washington and Birmingham in 1963.

Roosevelt's Tree Army
The work of the Civilian Conservation Corps in central New York State.

Animating the Home Front
What happens when cartoon characters go to war?

Clinical Experiences
When did universities start making teaching students do student teaching?

Keep Your Top Eye Open
Boston abolitionists on the lookout for slave-catchers in 1851.

The Ways West
How emigrants traveled from Pennsylvania to Illinois in 1830.

Tax Rates of the Mid-20th Century
Is it April 15 already? Discussing the recent past in context.

Dissent in the Ranks
George Washington’s military career and reputation were not pure successes. His military losses caused some to question his ability to lead a nation.

Innovation and Technology in the 19th Century
Of all the discoveries and developments that occurred in the 19th century, two proved to be the main force behind the development of the New Age.

The Only Thing We Have to Fear Is Fear Itself
What we know and what we don’t about the origin of the famous line in Roosevelt’s First Inaugural Address.

Civilization is All Relative
Common misconceptions of the classification of civilization are debunked.

Cold War Wrestling Match
How political cartoons illustrate international events and the artists beliefs.

Selling a Slave
The obstacles and restraints on disposing of one’s human “property.”

Diversity in the 1920s
Segregation and equality in America was a case of double standards.

Separation of Church and State
The Constitution states: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.”

Civil Rights Sit-in
“Local custom” was at odds with company policy in Jackson, MS.

Union Cavalry
The development of the Union cavalry forces was behind that of the Confederates which was considered, " the best Cavalry in the world." but its late formation …

Taxation to Revolution
It was reasoned that no colonists could fear an act that made them drink cheaper tea.

Great Expectations for the Civil War
Many believed the Civil War would be a short, bloodless battle. The reality of the drawn out combat led many soldiers in the North and South to desert the …

The Disaster of Innovation
How the cotton gin revolutionized the use of slaves and the production of cotton in the Southern United States.

Burr-Hamilton Duel
Was it illegal? Was it dishonorable? Was it a duel or was it murder?

Lone Wolf v Hitchcock
Part of a series of laws that displaced Native Americans from land allotted to them through treaties with the U.S. government.

Intertwined Development: Railroads and Political Parties
The influence of the booming rail system on the growth and development of three political parties in the late 19th and early 20th century.

History of the Occult in America
Historians studying the hidden spirits of religion in America

Understanding and Appreciating WWII Veterans
Websites that assist students in compiling information on WWII battles, veterans, and services for Veteran’s Day projects.

Old Political Cartoons
Poking fun and puncturing pomposity—how can you interpret political cartoons?

Martha Ballard
Learning about the life of a midwife in 18th-century Maine through her diary and other sources.

Trade Routes and Emerging Colonial Economies
The direct and indirect impacts of various trade routes during the 16th through 19th centuries.

East St. Louis Massacre
Raising “the terrible weapon of self-defense” during riots in 1917 Illinois.

Trailing Lewis and Clark
Spain sent several expeditions to find the Lewis and Clark Corps of Discovery.

Fine Line Between Thief and Entrepreneur
Explore the fine line between Captains of Industry and Robber Barons and how the terms has evolved over time.

Digitized Newspaper Archives
How do you go back and find “the first draft of history”?

New England Puritans
Trying to build a New Jerusalem on the coast of Massachusetts.

Breaking the Confederate Line at Antietam
Hour by hour account of how Union Generals moved on the battlefield at Sharpsburg.

The Possible Path of Barnard Bee
Examination of counterfactual questions and how they are used in historical analysis.

Booth's Reason for Assassination
In an attempt to salvage a failed Confederate agenda, John Wilkes Booth swore to destroy President Abraham Lincoln’s policy of extending civil liberties to …

Robert Gould Shaw
Where does the glory of Robert Shaw and the men of the 54th Massachusetts reside?

Architectural Homage
American Reproductions and Appropriations of Old World Monumental Architecture

Forty Acres and a Mule
The origin of the “Sherman Reservation” in Special Field Order No. 15, by which the Southern coastal low country was set aside for resettlement by ex-slaves.

The History of History
“Historian” wasn’t always a career path—only in the 19th century did it become a full-time academic occupation.

Historians Defined
What, precisely, makes a historian, and what do they do?

Kentuckiana
Mountains, coal, jugbands, pottery, quilts, feuds, flags, floods, labor strikes, Mary Todd Lincoln, moonshine, Mammoth Cave, bluegrass, tobacco, thoroughbreds, …

African and Native Americans in Colonial and Revolutionary Times
African Americans and Native Americans have had a long and complex relationship, often characterized by their similar exclusion from the fruits of freedom …

Alternative Outcomes of World War II
Can historians answer questions about alternate history? No, but they can assess a particular moment in the past.

Feminist Art
Explorations of the body, self-reference, and the entanglement of art and politics have all been the themes of feminist art—as they have been themes of other …

Bank Notes of the Second Bank of the United States
The impermanence of paper money was matched by the impermanence of the bank that issued it.

The Era of Reform
Was the antebellum period the height of reform movements in U.S. history?

Iroquois and the Founding Fathers
Historians argue over whether the Founding Fathers’ knowledge of Native American forms of confederation influenced their early plans for the government of the …

Colonial Teenagers
Young people in their teens were not thought of as a distinct group, but as young adults who were obliged to work for their living, whether they lived at home …

Native American Customs of Childbirth
Native American women restricted their activity and took care with their diet in preparing for childbirth, then prepared a secluded spot away from the …

Conococheague
How do you pronounce (and spell) Conococheague and how do we know?

Jefferson versus Hamilton
Their differing philosophies of government set the stage for the permanent growth of political factions.

Divided Loyalties?
How citizenship determines eligibility for the U.S. presidency.

A History of Fundamentalism
What does fundamentalism mean and how has that meaning changed over time?

Quebec City Fire
Were the great fires of 1845 the result of arson or accident?

Snuff ‘n Sniff
Cities as olfactory factories and what, historically, humans have thought and done about it.

The Auto Industry Goes to War
Domestic automotive manufacturing took a back seat to military transport needs in World War II.

Stonewall Jackson and the Battle of Chancellorsville
The Confederate battle plan at Chancellorsville was extraordinarily daring and risky.

Refugees from the American Revolutionary War
Neighbor against neighbor, brother against brother, father against son.

Forebears’ Furniture
How would a 1790 Pennsylvania farmhouse have been furnished?

A Clear Shot across the Continent
President Polk, the fortunes of war, territory, and the ever-present compromises of history.

Tips to Trappers
What do Sears Roebuck, farming, advertising, furs, and rural America have in common?

Reagan's "Rising Tide"
Economic policy during the Reagan Administration

Deserters in the Civil War
What happened to Civil War deserters after they deserted?

True Americans in the Cold War
Looking for the Red in the Red, White, and Blue?

Rock Paper Scissors
Gamester extraordinaire Comte de Rochambeau?

American Indian Women
Different kinds of power in different cultures. Perceptions of dignified and proper work vary across time and place.

The U.S. and Egypt in the 1950s
Creating political blowback in the Middle East

Laboring to Bring Forth Child Labor Statistics
How many children were at work on the eve of World War II? What types of jobs did they hold?

Mundane Lives and Extreme Adventures
What were the primary concerns of English colonists in early 17th-century America?

Senatorial Division
A Congressional balance of power between North and South on slavery

Honest Abe
The secret life of Lincoln? Gettysburg-era pride?

All Wrapped Up in the Flag
Flinging the first American flag to the breeze.

Religious Orders of Women in New France
Lives dedicated to teaching and nursing.

Spy in a Petticoat
“She had outwitted the British and oh how they hated her.”

Everyday Life in the 19th Century
Wandering through time into our ancestors’ attic.

America Abroad
Isolated and expansive at the same time.

The 4th Estate as the 4th Branch
The peculiar power of the press in America . . . what is the role of the media?

Friendly Fire
Fratricide and allied questions. In the heat of battle, mistakes happen.

With or Without Slavery?
Forcing the issue in Bleeding Kansas. The Lecompton Constitution, slavery, and children born to slaves.

Presidential Patent
How many presidents have applied for and received patents?

A Life of Strenuous Endeavor
T Roosevelt: “Let us pay with our bodies for our souls’ desire.”

Remember the Alamo
How did the Alamo happen?

Voting Rights and the 14th Amendment
How did women suffer no suffrage through the 14th Amendment?

Freedom and the National Debt
Old Hickory’s hard currency—what are useful focal points in Jacksonian-era economic history?

Russian Ships at Pearl Harbor?
Playing the game of alternative history—do what-ifs and if-onlys have a place in historical inquiry?

Boston's Bloody Affray
A struggle over naming a struggle—when and where did the Boston Massacre gain the name?

All Disquiet on the Western Front
In Flanders fields the poppies blow. . . Why did trench warfare characterize World War I?

Spanish Louisiana vs. Great Britain
Spain pursuing its own goals against Great Britain.

Begging Leave to Inform the Publick
Ads that were revolutionary … or not. What products could be sold during the American Revolution?

Protestant Immigration to Louisiana
On the trail of French Calvinists—apocryphal stories and actual immigrant populations.

Civil War Peace Offers
Olive branches from the North? Did the United States ever negotiate possible Union troop withdrawal in order to gain support from regions within the …

Tennessee's Social Studies Curriculum
Standardization is a fairly new concept in education.

Breaking the News in 1900
Headlines and deadlines. Where was the line between muckraking and professional ethics?

Founding Documents
History lessons on the founding documents invariably include the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.

Spain in the American Revolution
The enemy of my enemy is my friend—what was Spain’s role (and motivation) in the American Revolution?

American POWS in Japanese Captivity
Japanese treatment of American prisoners of war.

How Much Have Federal Census Takers Made Through the Years?
Accounting for the counters.

Who Invented the Telephone?
The history of the invention of the telephone is as clear as a Bell . . . or is it?

Supreme Court Nominations
How many “yeas” and “nays” on the path to being a Supreme Court justice?

Baptist Origins
Protestant or not?

How Did "Colonel" Become "Ker-nul"?
The pronunciation devil is in the historical details.

Which Native American Tribes Allied Themselves with the French?
Historians endeavor to uncover Native American perspectives.

Why Did President Polk Want War with Mexico?
During the 1840s, Manifest Destiny remained an effusive spirit rather than an agenda for empire.

Can You Recommend Three Texts on Historiography?
Sifting through books for college courses about historical inquiry.

James Madison's Failed Amendments
Apportionment in the House of Representatives and pay raises for Congress fell by the wayside—at least temporarily.

Home Sales During the Great Depression
Building an edifice of statistics—where can you learn about the real estate market during the Depression?

Significant Changes in Teaching History over the Past Decade
Three significant changes affect how we teach history and who is teaching it.

Is the Story of George Washington and the Colt a True Story?
Is it all right to make up stories about real people to teach children about honesty? In the 19th century, some people thought so.

Are There Instances of Raids Similar to the Boston Tea Party?
From South Carolina to Maine, colonists protested the Tea Act of 1773.

Who Earned a Medal for Cutting Costs by Starving Confederate Prisoners?
Almost two million dollars allocated to feed prisoners was returned to the U.S. Treasury.

Jewish Immigration During the Revolutionary War
Just before the Revolution, between 2,000 and 3,000 Jews lived in the colonies.

Presidential Death During the Election Process
Unforeseen events and potential crises forced politicians and lawmakers to devise backup plans for presidential and vice-presidential elections.

Kitty Hawk During the Time of the Wright Brothers
Schooling and transportation of goods were of greater concern to most than flight.

What Happened to the Royal Family of Hawaii After the U.S. Took Over?
In Hawaii today, a large number of people might be considered heirs or pretenders to the Hawaiian throne, were it ever to be revived.

Why Was the Boston Tea Party Not Stopped by British Troops?
To some extent, the Boston Tea Party was the result of unintended consequences.

Was There an African American President Before Barack Obama?
Historians cannot claim to prove beyond doubt that occurrences in the past did or did not happen.

What Happened to the Fenians After 1866?
Ireland’s revolutionary struggle against Britain played out in North America as well as in Europe.

Quoting Economic Policy
Milton Friedman and Herbert Hoover are excellent sources.

Namesake of a Peacekeeper
Historians have attempted to account for the great admiration that whites had for Tecumseh.

Contradictions in John Fremont's Political Chart of the US (1856)
The 1850s were a time of rapid industrialization and urbanization in the Northeastern states.

Court Packing Controversies
What do Presidents Ulysses Grant and Franklin Roosevelt have in common? Both were accused of packing the Supreme Court.

Quantity of Soldiers—not Quality of Their Aim—Won Battles
Linear battle formations date at least to the early 17th century.

The Reason Behind the "Stars and Bars"
Find out how this battle flag came into being.

Premonition of Death
Accounts of Abraham Lincoln’s dream of a presidential assassination vary, and so do the interpretations.

Menu for the First Thanksgiving
Only two eyewitness accounts of that first Thanksgiving remain.

"Join or Die"
Think the “Join or Die” snake first appeared during the American Revolution? Think again!

Typical in the 1930s
A panel of judges enlisted by the New York World’s Fair Corporation looked to Texas to find this family.

Broadcasting Longevity
The roots of the Grand Ole Opry extend deep into radio broadcasting history.
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